Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center

The 1998 Industrial Needs Workshop (INW) was held on January 21, 1998, in Beaumont, Texas. The INW was sponsored by the Gulf Coast Hazardous Substances Research Center (GCHSRC) as part of the Technology Transfer Program. The goal of this year's workshop was the identification of specific research needs and recommendations in the following three areas, especially as applied to ozone and PM2.5

• Data Needs
• Atmospheric Processes and Models
• Characterization, Control, and Minimization of Pollutants

The recommendations are given to prospective researchers in the annual call for proposals. The purpose of the INW is to provide research topics which address current Gulf Coast environmental issues.

Stakeholders from industry, government, academia, and the public participated in the INW. An attendee list is included. The purpose of the workshop necessitates representatives from a wide range of industries. Therefore, the workshop included industrial members from the Center's Scientific Advisory Committee, from the Center's Technology Transfer Committee, and Gulf Coast industries. Governmental agencies represented included the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. Academic representatives included members and University Contacts from the nine member universities.

This report outlines the content of the meeting and provides recommendations for research topics. The report should be used by both researchers and Center advisory committees.

The Center was created in 1986 under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. The Center is a consortium of the following nine Gulf Coast universities:

• Lamar University - Beaumont
• Louisiana State University
• Mississippi State University
• Rice University
• Texas A&M University
• University of Alabama
• University of Central Florida
• University of Houston
• The University of Texas at Austin

The Center's administrative office is located at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. (P.O. Box 10613, Beaumont, TX 77710; 409/880-8768)

The mission of the Center is to conduct an integrated research program to improve the quality of the environment in order to reduce risk to human and ecosystem health. The major emphasis is on a program of research, evaluation, testing, development, and demonstration of alternative or innovative technologies for control or remediation of substances having environmental concern.

Industrial Needs Workshops have been conducted since 1991. The goal is to provide direction for selecting research projects in environmental issues that are currently affecting Gulf Coast industries or natural resources. It is also used to encourage contact between researchers and end-users, such as the industrial community. In 1996 the INW was formalized to better disseminate workshop results via a recommendations report. A copy of the 1996 report can be found on the Center's homepage (www.gchsrc.lamar.edu). This report, the 1998 INW report, will also be made available on the homepage.

The 1998 INW was held at the John and Mary Gray Library in Beaumont, Texas. The purpose of this year's workshop was the identification and definition of specific research needs in the following three subject areas:

• Data Needs
• Atmospheric Processes and Models
• Characterization, Control, and Minimization of Pollutants

Congressman Nick Lampson, 9th Congressional District, expressed his deep concern for the Gulf Coast environment and gave a brief overview of his outlook on all environmental regulations as they apply to workers in the area. He urged the attendees to consider their roles in providing valid science to help the EPA in reaching reasonable and viable regulations.

The INW was divided into two sessions. During the morning and early afternoon sessions invited speakers made presentations on each of the three subjects from different perspectives. Later in the afternoon, the INW attendees broke into three roundtable groups, one for each subject area, to further develop recommendations. The roundtable discussions were facilitated by Dr. Richard Corsi, Dr. Danny Reibel, and Dr. David Allen. The groups regathered for summary presentations, for reviews of the workshop goals, and for identifying goals for next year. (See Section 5 for summaries of their presentations.)

The speakers for the workshop were:

• Air Standards - Historical and Evolutionary — Dennis Isaacs, Senior Specialist for Air at DuPont Specialty Chemicals (Beaumont Works)

• Unique Coastal Conditions and Pollution Fate and Transport — Dr. Danny Reible, Director of the Hazardous Substance Research Center/South & Southwest

• Emission Control — Dr. Richard Corsi, Leland Barkley Associate Professor in Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin

• Atmospheric Processes/Gulf Coast Air Chamber — Dr. David Cocke, Jack M. Gill Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lamar University

• Background Studies, Data Optimization, and Information Management — Dr. Larry Raymond, Senior Principal Consultant, Oracle Corporation

• Photochemical Oxidants — Dr. David Allen, Beckman Professor of Chemical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin

• Particulates — Dr. David Allen, Beckman Professor of Chemical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin

• Air Toxics and Health Issues — Dr. Ray Campion, Director of the Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center

• Monitoring — Louis Fowler, Senior Project Manager, Radian International

The following section describes the results of the roundtable discussions. The suggested research is not given in order of importance. The suggestions should be used as guidance for developing proposals that may have immediate application in the Gulf Coast region.

The three roundtables addressed the new O₃ and PM2.5 standards recently implemented by the US EPA. The focus of the roundtables was on how the Center and its researchers can best study and, if necessary, assist in changing the current regulations to reflect information based on scientific approaches.

The facilitator for this roundtable discussion was Dr. Danny Reible (Director of the Hazardous Substance Research Center/South & Southwest).

• Goal - Measurements to define both the state and the progress in air quality
• Consider the circle of Source ! Transport & Transformation ! Effects and back again for O₃, PM2.5.
• Store and analyze policy and management data simultaneously with spatial data for optimizing.

1. Emission factors / estimated approaches for PM2.5
2. Biogenics + other natural sources
1. VOC’s, NO_x, CH₄, H₂S, CO₂, NH₃, amino nitro (bio-indicators)
2. Speciation
3. Natural sources, including wetlands, agricultural crops, humans

• VOC emission factors

1. Selected areas
2. Speciation (critical species defined by relevance)

1. Speciation of PM2.5
2. Extension of monitoring network
1. Define background
2. Define transport issues
3. Distribution & dynamics

• Speciation of VOC’s
• Upper air measurements
• High resolution - measurements of meteorology
• Ultimate fate/sinks of pollutants
• Remote sensing

Costs of meeting new standards. Better understanding of incremental costs vs. benefits of new standards

• Indoor/personal exposure
• Extend epidemiological database to more closely identify species contributing to adverse effects and provide direction for future research; e.g., speciation
• Effect of size/chemical makeups of PM2.5 on effects - especially incremental effects
• Incremental benefits of each reduction, both public acceptance of lifestyle changes and economic impacts of regulations

1. Reaction Chemistry (chambers)
1. VOC’s - speciated
2. Primary ! secondary ! O₃ and particulates of interest (PM2.5)
3. Rates and environmental influences of each species
2. What species are relevant
1. Health effects
2. Chemistry of O₃, PM2.5
3. Transport using tracers. Either using additive tracers (or natural) or back-tracing (source approx.)

The facilitator for this roundtable discussion was Dr. David Allen (Center for Energy Studies, The University of Texas at Austin).

• Reliable PM2.5 in-situ and with real-time measurements
• Reliable analytical methods for PM2.5, NO_y, HNO₃, etc. with analytical methods
• High humidity chemistry (gas & particulate)
• Interfacial & condensed phase chemistry
• Prognostic ability of model for large emission reductions
• Indoor/outdoor exchange processes

• MM5 application (or other state-of-art models) to Gulf Coast
• Location of monitors
• Need fine grid (micron) data & models, including aloft data

1. Uncertainties in chemistry models
1. Lumping scheme may/may not be accurate enough
2. Missing chemistry
3. Humidity as important component for research
4. New lumping approach to assure Gulf Coast is accurately modeled
2. Emissions inventory needs to match detail in chemistry
3. Annual approach for PM2.5 needs study

• Health effects
• Exchange processes between indoor/outdoor
• Micro-environmental exposures for both indoor and outdoor and together
• Real exposures

• Meteorology
• Atmospheric chemistry
• Analytical methods
• Modeling
• Micro-environments

The facilitator for this roundtable discussion was Dr. Richard Corsi (Leland Barkley Associate Professor in Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin).

• Agriculture (VOCs, NO_x, PMs of all sizes)
• Land management practices, such as controlled burning of marshes

• Ambient in parallel with other studies
• Pollution prevention in broader ways, such as with PM2.5
• Control technologies from small sources
• Accurate forecasting of emissions
• Emission validation: real trends vs. paper trends
• Fugitive emissions as larger fraction of total as other emissions are reduced
• Improved at-the-fence monitoring

• All strategies subject to costs
• With risk-assessment analysis
• Indoor pollutants as part of health costs

• HAPs
• VOCs

At 8:30 a.m. Dr. Jack Hopper, Director of the Gulf Coast Hazardous Substances Research Center, welcomed the participants and introduced Lamar University President Rex Cottle.

President Cottle welcomed the participants to Lamar University and praised the Center's mission in the community and the past accomplishments.

Dr. Hopper then introduced Congressman Nick Lampson.

Congressman Lampson emphasized the importance of the 9^th district economic development and expressed his desire to keep the economy strong and to keep families with jobs so that they can enjoy the standards that they have become used to as workers in this area. He urged the participants to consider costs as well as public health. He emphasized that profits and jobs are considerations in whatever growth the area will enjoy and that the consequences of any action must be considered. He discussed the congressional bills that are pending to change implementation or stop implementation of existing bills. He discussed current proposals and talked about the opportunity to study the reasoning behind this particulate EPA ruling (PM2.5). He commented, "when we know the answers on how to earn a living as well as maintain the standard of living, we will have reached our goal." He said he hoped that the participants would take what they learned and turn it into proposals that the legislature could fund based upon science. He said he hoped to show science would use new standards and learn new technology to make wise decisions and come up with the right kind of plan so the legislature can fund changes to the EPA regulations and also keep a strong economy.

* * *

Dr. Hopper thanked Congressman Lampson for his thoughts and then displayed the organization chart for the Center and discussed how each part of the Center's programs fit into the whole. He said there are currently 15 members of the Science Advisory Committee and 9 members of the Technology Transfer Committee. He then introduced Dr. David Cocke.

Dr. David Cocke gave a general overview of the meeting's goal: To discover and define individual research needs for the Center in three broad areas: the data needs; the atmospheric processes and models; and the characterization, control, and minimization of pollutants.

Dennis Isaacs began by saying that as representative of the regulated community, he believed there is opposition for this unprecedented event [current EPA regulation PM2.5]. He thanked the Center for giving him the first opportunity in 28 years to sit down with regulators and researchers. He emphasized the regulated community will feel the brunt of the new regulations and that the benchmarks of credibility are those that affect lives. He warned that decisions on meteorology, biogenics, air transport, and mobile point sources must recapture this scientific bases. He emphasized that industry needs to compete globally and that public lifestyle changes will occur. He warned of small businesses who will have to step aside and not survive. He said he believed the Clean Air Act was the most extensive piece of regulatory legislation he had seen, and that with ozone non-attainment throughout the country the implications of the CAA will be enormous.

Isaacs reported that as a result of the 7-year ozone reassessment period, in July of 1997 the new ozone and PM2.5 standards were a problem for the area. He said he believed there was very little, or questionable, data, but even so the proposals went forward. He said both the impacts and justification need research. He said he hoped to see exceedence tied to health-based standards. His question was: "Can we get there at all during the 8-hr limit even though the 1 hr limit has gone down by a factor of 2? " He emphasized the lack of science on transportation and displayed a slide of three different transport lines for three local exceedence days. He urged the researchers to remember the area has no control over this transport or over biogenics so that research is needed for agriculture, forests, rice, etc., as well as for the natural VOC background and anthropogenic background. He urged researchers to discuss ozone from more than a point-source viewpoint.

Isaacs also reiterated that research should include how expensive improvements could be justified. He urged equitable legislation and equitable economic sanctions, but he said eradicating Bar-B-Ques would necessitate factual evidence from research with the control coming from the research. He urged everyone to practice "reality checks."

Dr. Reible outlined three areas he thought should be addressed: climate and meteorology, the emission mix, and economic factors. He emphasized that this area has a unique climate and meteorological background mix. It is not a Los Angeles or East Coast type area but is dominated by the Gulf, where fronts do not generally push down from the north. He discussed how much transport depends upon high pressure systems in the Gulf and how local winds are dominated by the Gulf fronts. He said the basic land-sea breeze transport is known, but fine structure has not been studied. Mixture, based on height, is also important in the atmosphere. The area, he explained, is unique and limited, with low wind speeds and ground-based inversions. The high relative humidity affects aerosol growth and enhances reactions, and high solar radiation is also a factor. The emissions from forests and wetlands also make contributions, as well as the petrochemical industry with VOCs, thermal-based processes, chlorinated compounds, and even urban sources.

Reibel emphasized that urban air models of transportation from LA or the Northeast Corridor are useful for those areas but this area has to define optimal strategies for its own region and we do not have the technical basis for strategies at this time.

Dr. Corsi addressed the sources and control of atmospheric pollutants in the Gulf Coast region as an interdependent circle of Sources ÷ Atmospheric Processes (chemical/physical) ÷ Impacts, where control is only possible between sources and impacts. He said this is where the strategies and technologies must be applied.

He discussed the uncertainties in the sources and commented that ozone and PM2.5 are difficult to uncouple when you consider secondary formation. He also discussed Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and reminded the participants that unique emission sources and the biogenic contributions of plants such as oaks, conifers, pines, and wetlands have to be considered. As an example he cited the isoprenes from oaks in certain parts of the Gulf Coast area. He reminded participants that area sources that are neither mobile nor industrial may be significant by their sheer numbers and that sometimes transient effects must be considered (e.g., construction). He noted that even a sourdough bakery can have effects as can gas stations, fast-food restaurants, roofing adhesive companies, etc. He noted that in the extreme some products might be banned. Ammonia used in agriculture, he commented, must contribute to PM2.5 and Burger King's charbroiled selections must also add fine particles. Therefore he urged research that addresses "how to control."

Fugitive emissions, he said, contribute too. There can be 2000 process drains in some facilities. Monitoring every single drain is a choice, but modeling would be better. And better models are desirable. Refineries are currently using bioreactors for organics and emulsified oils. This research has given VOC averaged studies which imply 4,000 tons from the Gulf area could be VOC dissolved organics attached to oil. Stripping efficiency then comes into play.

He discussed an experiment at Shell's Westhollow site with off-gas quantification where the default was 11 tons/yr, the model gave 2.6 tons/year, and the field test showed 2.5 tons/yr. He cited this as an example where industry, the EPA, and the state "reduced" the emissions estimates by a factor of 5.

Dr. Thomas discussed emissions inventory work. He said, "We know the emissions inventory is suspect— 80% now may really be 35%." He urged participants to consider other emissions, biogenics becoming an even larger percent as others are reduced, and commented that even the tree species has impact. For example, he cited hot spots where biogenic oak isoprenes are high. Cedar, as a comparison, has lower emissions. Therefore he said current national modeling that presupposes that all Southern Forests are similar is not true. He urged researchers to consider rice, other crops, soils, fertilizer, NO_x, etc., and combinations of CO₂, methane metabolism, and H₂S in their assessments.

Thomas stressed the need for models research, planning tools, and control strategies from models. He suggested the goal should be from control strategy to ambient and then to attainment.

Dr. Cocke explained that during this presentation he was "coming from an extensive chamber research" background. He said that atmospheric processes have nine basic components: aqueous chemistry, interfacial chemistry, surface chemistry, aerosol chemistry, homogeneous reactions, heterogeneous reactions, gas phase reactions, particulate matter concerns, and photochemistry. He emphasized the importance of multiphase chemistry in both real and simulated atmospherics. He suggested work on controlled conditions, optimal analytical arrangements, and control mechanisms appropriate to the Gulf Coast problems.

He commented on the advantages of air chambers. He explained that air chambers are useful and vary in materials, size/shape differences, pressures, temperatures, and flow and static conditions, etc., with spectral characteristics of light sources providing photochemical reaction information. He added that altitude can be simulated using vacuum chambers, and that Teflon-lined and long pathway spectroscopy can assist in gathering detailed information.

He noted that GC, FTIR, fluorescence, and other spectroscopic methods are useful, and that traditionally chambers do ambient work but that modeling and simulations are being done now. Source control strategies remain an integral part of the equation, he commented.

He said correlation among air chamber studies is always a concern, with instrumental artifacts, etc., although the information can be integrated into models. Questions remain on how humidity affects heterogeneous chemistry. Wall absorption is somewhat mitigated by using Teflon, but wall reactions are always a problem (water condensation in instruments is a humidity problem, for example). He mentioned that air chambers allow an understanding of intermediate species, and this information is used to influence model parameters. The challenge, he continued, was to begin with complexity and then move to simplicity for a simple workable model, instead of the reverse.

Dr. Raymond summarized his approach: How much we make of how little we know. He elucidated by discussing the initiatives of today in which results may be the same but the continuity of data is lost because research is not recorded in an easily retrievable format. He said he believed a mechanism to maximize the value of the data was necessary. For example, baseline data such as costs, control technology, and air modeling output for regulatory requirements are available, but their impact on health effects is poorly understood. "How clearly is this relationship correlated?" he asked. "Are lost workdays included in the data, what relationship to the community does this health effect have?" He asked the researchers to consider the over-all impact.

He related his experience with a snow-making machine in which he found nano and pico sized particles, which are in the same range as small bacteria, viruses, algal spores, etc., and that water condensation adheres to these particles. He noted that snow machines do not make adequate snow unless the water has a particle to adhere to. He said, "particles plus viruses plus other unknowns may have unusual outputs." He urged researchers to think locally, regionally, and globally when considering these outputs.

He explained Oracle's information system and repeated that any information system needs optimum data because "data doesn't care." He said that in the method currently being used, EPA takes data to regulate "stuff" to things which may get us there.

He advised researchers that to perpetuate knowledge to perpetuate regulations feeds back upon itself. He proposed that optimizations are not holistic. He lamented many databases, formats, parameters, languages, and structures and the fact that information is not centralized and so researchers cannot draw upon it and can't question it. He said many models produce different conclusions, that models are thought of as factual outputs of new knowledge, and that we are formulation-requirement based on what we think we know. He expressed a desire for continual improvement in data yield and in regulations with cross-discipline benefits where centralized and standardized databases and database quality would be available. He encouraged an Internet web-based open architecture that is secure. He urged a relational database approach instead of the current methods which are not necessarily in relational form and may include such diverse forms as audio, MIS, time-related or not, principle-related or not.

He offered Oracle's approach from client to server to access any data, as well as analyzing for performance indices with a clear understanding in relationships as an example. Oracle hopes to be the data warehouse of industry as a whole—where all data available today could be exchanged. He sees this as: Information that provides direction for change, where Reaction leads to Response to New Processes to New Opportunities from that Change.

He proposed that better data and better search engines will prove that data warehousing will allow researchers to interrogate data. With applications on the Internet and this relational database, he foresees dollars/time of Oracle's pricing and storage amount per dollar being viable methods for industry to access information.

Dr. Allen began by discussing photochemical oxidants, the emissions from aerosol components, atmospheric chemistry, and modeling. He noted we have little current knowledge of PM2.5 in Texas. He discussed a current study with TNRCC, Houston Regional Monitoring, and the City of Houston. This current study on non-point sources (which does not cover coarse material) for PM10 information needs to be updated to discover what fraction is PM2.5, and where to focus efforts. He commented that soil, dust, carbonaceous matter, and ammonium sulfate are all included. In fact, ammonium sulfate accounts for almost 50% of the results. Elemental carbon and carbon species breakdown are also included, but 20% is unexplained. Therefore aerosol characterization is needed. As another example, Allen commented that global events are important. On one day, 47% of the measurement in Houston turned out to be Saharan desert dust. For this reason, he emphasized tracers.

He also discussed measurement problems; for example, when a filter is weighed and analyzed it introduces sampling artifacts.

He also emphasized the need for aloft measurements to understand chemistry, NH₃, SO₂, gas phases, and photochemical reactions that lead to PM and ozone, which are all linked. He repeated that many processes are largely unstudied.

He concluded, "We need to integrate mechanisms all into a model." Volatility in the chemistry of particulates, he said, are not inherent in the models. "Fine particulate matter– we just don't know," he concluded.

Meteorological and atmospheric chemistry is a unique mix, Allen commented. He listed some questions: What role does ozone, PM2.5 play? What about aged air mass with fresh emissions? Is this unique? Are existing models efficient? "For example," he said, "consider aged air mass. Here ozone is correlated in Houston especially with fronts and new injections of emissions in aged air mass. So far, research in smog chamber studies are batch exposures. How long should we run them to experience different results? We need long experiments with fresh emissions and with longer runs."

Using isoprene from oak trees, Allen asked about particle formation using aerosol chemistry and molecular tracer species for reactions that researchers think are important. "We don't know if we need to do the research ourselves or if we have the data well-equipped to take this experience. What is the turnaround of information?" EPA epidemiology is on total particle mass, he noted. Is this the causal agent for health effects? How do we quantify health effects? Total particle mass is not enough. Causal effect of speciation is a question too. We may control the wrong thing and not solve the problem. If we can identify the causal agent we may control it. We don't want to repeat the research approach done with PM10 and measure only PM10 when we may need data on all particles. "We ought to be collecting size distributions too," he continued. "There is a whole range of items to be studied: ocean going vessels create emissions and PM, as much as 7-8% when we sampled"... with vanadium and trace metals at ports.

He said that good ambient data should focus on all aspects and acknowledge our lack of continuity of research. During 1960-70 tracers for petroleum formations were used to identify spills.

He said that he hoped EPA will review the current health studies, be sued if this is the appropriate method, and then if the court says you can land in NY but not Beaumont-Port Arthur, this will have an impact. The magnitude of the source may yield the impact of the source, but actual measuring is a problem.

"And don't forget indoor air quality," he concluded. "Indoor exposures to PM may be important here too."

Dr. Pike began by emphasizing that release of Texas data is important, and that Process Control and Modification is a vital part of this. He stressed the importance of using process analysis and modification with on-line optimization, with the challenge being to get these advances out, especially to small industries.

Dr. Bala Krishnan told the participants to note that the DOD has 5 times more pollutant impact than industry with the second highest impact coming from the DOE. He encouraged the participants to use the webpage (//www.epa.gov) for research fund information and exploratory research dollars. He noted, "We have $190 million for 1998 that could be used for air chemistry and air physics. Remember there are many sources of funds."

Dr. Campion stressed the need for a public-private health partnership. He identified the goal as the actual human exposures to air toxics in an urban environment. He recommended studies on non-carcinogenic human health effects that might be associated with air toxic impacts, especially those affecting the human respiratory tract and immune system. He emphasized that this would not necessarily be the cause but might exacerbate a situation.

In one study, he described how badges were used to study VOCs and formaldehyde. He emphasized how this is one way to measure effects considering humidity and temperature. He noted that the EPA translates cell studies to human populations and emissions.

In another study, benzene sensitive badges were used to study 24-hour concentrations in 10 houses. The badges were worn by two persons in each house. This inexpensive and effective method is available, he emphasized. He said that badges could be used for chloroform and toluene as well. For example, one house was new and had a higher indoor concentration of formaldehyde than outdoors. Likewise one house had a high toluene level that was attributable to the occupant's china painting hobby. In both cases the outdoor measurements were lower. The 48-hour exposures were easiest for tracing, he said.

Dr. Campion said two studies are currently being funded. In one, residents of New Jersey, Los Angeles, and Houston are being tested. In the second, high school students in New York City (Harlem) and Los Angeles (Watts) are being studied.

He said that although these studies are being conducted though the National Health and Nutritional Survey, VOCs and personal exposures to air toxics are also being studied but there are other studies as well. 3M dosimeters are used. Currently 11 metals are being studied and semi-volatiles.

Dr. Campion stressed that personal exposure is better than modeling and more cost effective and repeated that he supports large-scale field research vs. epidemiology.

Mr. Fowler presented Radian's outlook on the issue of monitoring projects in the Gulf Coast. He discussed 7 network sites for measuring criteria pollutants. He referenced the Southeast Texas Regional Planning Network stretching through the Sabine River Area to Mauriceville. He commented that there are 18 sites in public areas and 11 sites in private areas that apply to the criteria poll. Nine sites are for fine particulate matter, but there are different monitoring stations for local, national, photochemical, and special purpose work. Siting criteria and quality assurance are important so that data have the same level of validity. He explained that 58 CFR contains the monitoring protocols.

Fowler said the goal is to monitor trends, population exposure, background levels, and air quality for planning efforts. In his graph of Houston, although SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM10 were included, ozone was the only one of true concern. Ozone trends through 1983 to 1996 were down, but in Beaumont the 1-hr standard was attained only in 1992-1994. He commented that Baton Rouge has an ozone problem as well as some other Texas counties (Harris, Tarrant, Denton, Galveston) and they will be classified as non-attainment areas. In Louisiana Iberville parish and East Baton Rouge, for a total of 6 parishes, will exceed the 0.84 standard.

Fowler continued that sites that meet the 8-hr standard may fail the 1-hr standard and vice versa. He said, however, that if one wants to compare Los Angeles with Houston, the number of exceedence days is actually better in Houston. San Bernardino, Harris, and Jefferson counties continue to be a problem.

He said, however, that temperature and wind speeds definitely are related to ozone levels. With more than 90° F and less than 5 mph wind, Beaumont has no coastal morning ozone exceedence. Its exceedence, however, does occur when the wind is NNW, N, or W, as occurs with continental air masses. As an example he mentioned Mauriceville, where ozone levels with a sea breeze are approximately 40 ppb. With a continental air mass they become 40 to 60 ppb. Therefore he said the ozone from the coast and from the industry affect Mauriceville's readings. This type of information he said shows that historical trends plus networks plus data of transport mechanism can help with decisions. He did caution that all of this data is surface data.

This roundtable reported that atmospheric processes/models have many components. Meteorology in which you apply modeling for MM-5 and then to finer scale is one component, including variables such as humidity.

The atmospheric chemistry is another component with interfacial concerns and condensation problems at the interface. Analytical methods are another component: The federal reference models and the long-term in-situ real-time studies of NO_y, HNO₃, etc., are important. Modeling of meteorological conditions as well as the mechanism of emissions is vital. The microenvironment component is also poorly studied, including the exchange processes.

Report of the Data Needs (Collect and Manage) Roundtable

The Data Needs (Collect and Manage) roundtable defined the goal as measuring source and transport effects, storing analyzed data, and integrating the data.

The sources component of research should adequately address emissions, approaches, biogenics, and speciation effects with a complete scan of species, not just one of current interest as is PM2.5.

The effects remain benefit vs. cost, indoor and personal, the epidemiological base, the expansion of the base and the quality of the data as well as any synergism. Again, each subclass of fines should be studied.

Atmospheric analysis should include speciation, a monitoring network, background and transport issues, upper air components, high resolution and convective concerns, and utilize remote sensing.

Incremental costs are a concern. We need to learn more about reaction chemistry in chambers, identify rates, and what species are relevant. Only then will we know what to measure using tracer elements.

Report of the Source Characterization, Control, and Minimization Roundtable

Biogenics continue to play an important part. Focus should start on agriculture (VOCs, NO_x, PM, etc.) We need to acknowledge land management practices, such as the controlled burn of marshes. Field monitoring is necessary and we need protocols. We must open PM2.5 research in a broader way so that any research using ambient can be done in parallel with other studies. Pollution prevention activities must be correlated with PM2.5. Control technologies from small sources should be studied since we know about point sources and we know mobile sources, but we don't know about dry cleaners. Accurate forecasting of emissions is critical. We know that 21 million lb. of ammonia is placed on agricultural crops each year in Louisiana. We need emission validation that is the real trend, not the paper trend.

Fugitive emissions now become a larger fraction of the total as other emissions are reduced. We need to improve monitoring at the fence line to give us a better focus.

The costs of all the strategies must be considered. We should include risk-assessment analysis to tell us where the maximum risk is: Perhaps it is indoors. We hope the Mickey Leland Center will collaborate with us and do indoor/outdoor studies at the same time. We consider emphasis of pollution prevention of HAPs, VOCs, etc., of major importance.

Dr. Jack Hopper thanked all of the participants for their assistance and input. He adjourned the workshop at 4 p.m.

Louis H. Fowler is a Senior Program Manager at Radian International, LLC, with more than 21 years' experience in developing and managing ambient measurement programs. Radian is currently the contractor on all regional monitoring programs in the Texas Gulf Coast, as well as the contractor for the Lake Charles Technical Advisory Committee program for air toxics measurements.

Mr. Fowler currently serves as the Program Manager for the South East Texas Regional Planning Commission Regional Monitoring Network, the Texas City/LaMarque Regional Network, and numerous private networks in Corpus Christi and other areas of the Gulf Coast related to measurement of non-criteria pollutants.

Mr. Fowler has previously managed several special field studies under contract to the TNRCC, including services in support of the 1993 Coastal Oxidant Assessment of Southeast Texas (COAST) program, the Houston Oxidants Study, and the TNRCC implementation of Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations in Beaumont, El Paso, and Houston.

Dr. David Cocke is the Jack M. Gill Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He has been the director of the Lamar University Environmental Chemistry Laboratory and is currently Director of the Analytical Diagnostics Laboratory. Dr. Cocke is involved in numerous research projects focused in the environmental and high technology areas with projects in catalysis, combustion product utilization, environmental surface chemistry, high technology materials, and biomaterials. Dr. Cocke has been a practicing analytical chemist for over 15 years. He has been performing environmental research for more than a decade and has more than 250 publications.

Dennis Isaacs is a Senior Specialist - Air at DuPont Speciality Chemicals - Beaumont Works. He has 28 years total experience in Environmental Air Issues: 8 years with (TACB) TNRCC in Region 10 office; 1 year with EPA Region 6, Air Compliance Branch; 12 years as Corporate Senior Air Consultant, GSU/Entergy; and 7 years as Senior Air specialist, DuPont - Beaumont Works. He currently has two roles: Team leader for traditional air project management and regulatory oversight internal to DuPont - Beaumont Works, and Leadership role in State and Federal Regulatory Advocacy issues for Southeast Texas. He is currently serving on numerous committees and organizations.

Dr. Danny Reible is Professor of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University and Director of the Hazardous Substance Research Center/South and Southwest, a consortium of Louisiana State University, Rice University and Georgia Tech. Dr. Reible joined LSU after receiving his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology for research on atmospheric flow and transport in 1982. In 1987 he was a AAAS Environmental Science and Engineering Fellow. In 1991 he was a Senior Visitor to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University. Between 1993 and 1995 he was the Shell Professor of Environmental Engineering at the University of Sydney, Australia. He returned to LSU as the Director of the Hazardous Substance Research Center.

Dr. Richard Corsi received his B.S. degree in Environmental Resources Engineering from Humboldt State University and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil/Environmental Engineering from the University of California. He served as an assistant professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Guelph (Ontario, Canada) for four years, during which time he was responsible for the development of an entire Environmental Engineering program (now one of the largest undergraduate programs in Environmental Engineering in North America). He joined the University of Texas at Austin in January, 1994, where he currently serves as the Leland Barkley Associate Professor in Civil Engineering. He teaches courses related to Air Pollution Engineering, Sources of Air Pollution, Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling, and Air Pollution Toxicology. His research focuses on the characterization of sources of hazardous air pollutants in both outdoor and indoor environments, including research at all levels of experimentation (laboratory, pilot, and full-scale systems). During the past six years, Dr. Corsi has served as principal investigator on more than 30 major research projects in these areas. He and his research team have published more than 120 technical articles, and he was recently honored as a recipient of a CH2M-Hill Office of Innovation Award, and a Halliburton Engineering Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching and Research at The University of Texas.

Lawrence P. Raymond is a Senior Principal Consultant with Oracle Corporation working to develop, advance, and implement environmental performance. He is also an adjunct professor in marine and coastal science at Lamar University, and in environmental science at the U.S. Air Force School for Aerospace Medicine. He has worked extensively in industry, government, and academia in natural resource management as a lecturer, researcher, manager, executive, and consultant. He received his undergraduate and master’s training in marine biology and his doctoral degree in biophysics (Photosynthetic Mechanisms in Marine Plant Systems). He founded the Environmental Planning and Analysis Division of the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, founded and managed the Aquatic Species Program and took on overall responsibility for the non-traditional biomass energy technology programs managed by the Solar Energy Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy. For the past six years, he has been active in environmental consulting dealing principally with pollution prevention, environmental planning, information management, and the development of environmental management systems.

Dr. David Allen is the Beckman Professor of Chemical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. Prior to joining the faculty at The University of Texas, Dr. Allen was Professor and Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests lie in environmental reaction engineering, particularly issues related to air quality and pollution prevention. He is the author of three books and more than 85 papers in these areas, and the quality of his research has been recognized by the National Science Foundation through the Presidential Young Investigator Award and the AT&T Foundation through an award in Industrial Ecology. Dr. Allen is also active in developing pollution prevention education materials for engineering curricula, and his teaching has been recognized through UCLA’s Excellence in Engineering Teaching Award. Dr. Allen received a B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering, with distinction, from Cornell University, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Chemical Engineering were awarded by the California Institute of Technology. He has held visiting faculty appointments at the California Institute of Technology and the Department of Energy.

Dr. Raymond Campion is the President of the Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center in Houston, a post he has held since the startup of the Leland Center in 1993. Dr. Campion received a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis and spent 28 years in various research and environment and management positions with Exxon Research and Engineering Company in New Jersey and with Exxon Company, USA in Houston, Texas. He has participated in a number of academic and government environmental initiatives, including service on a National Academy of Science panel, joint EPA/industry/environmental regulatory development groups, leadership of industry and government task forces, and as Exxon’s primary interface with environmental organizations.

Congressman Nick Lampson 9th Congressional District

Dr. Earl Beaver……………… Monsanto Chemical Co.

Dr. Rex Cottle President, Lamar University (Beaumont, Texas)

Dr. William Deever Deever-Ross, Inc, Environmental Consultants

Larry Feldcamp Partner, Baker & Botts

Mike Fishburn Texas National Resource Conservation Commission

Louis Fowler Senior Project Manager, Radian International

Dr. Thomas Ho Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University

John Holden Shell Chemical Co.

Dr. Tim Jones Tennessee Valley Authority

Dr. S. Bala Krishnan Office of Research & Development, U.S. EPA

Stephen Masoomian Bechtel Corp.

Mike Milliet Texaco E&P Inc.

Paul Nelson Blackburn & Carter

Chris Rabideaux Texaco Research, Houston

Dr. Larry Raymond Senior Principal Consultant, Oracle Corporation

Sue Wheatley Technical Writer, Info-Tech, Inc.